Roman Locks - References

Adam, Alexander, Roman Antiquities, 6h ed., Glasgow, 1835 (Incredible compendium of all aspects of Roman life. Door fittings page 451)

D'Allemagne, Henry Rene' , Decorative Antique Ironwork, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1968 (Roman keys, p.68)

Anon. Guide to the Antiquities of Roman Britain, 2nd ed., published by the Trustees of the British Museum, 1958 (Seal box and drawings of padlock & chest lock mechanisms)

Anon. Ver den Schlussel nicht ehrt . . . Deutches Schloss-und Beschlagemuseum, Velbert, 1990, 95 pages, hardbound, glossy paper 

Anstee, J.W., The Examination, Interpretation and Replication of an Iron Lock from Lullingstone Roman Villa, Kent The Antiquaries Journal, v. 81, p. 395, 2001 (Excellent detailed description of a flat Roman barrel/chain lock)

Bailey, Gordon, Detector Finds 5, Greenlight Publishing, 2002 (iron and bronze keys and an odd bolt)

Bass, G. F. et al. Serce Liman: The Ship and its Anchorage, Crew, and Passengers, 2004. Chapter 23, The Padlocks, Cemal and Sema Pulak (Description of four Byzantine padlocks from the 11th century)

Beckwith, John and Krautheimer, Richard., Early Christian and Byzantine Art, 1986

Bedoyere, Guy de la, The Finds of Roman Britain, B.T. Batsford, London, 1989 (2 keys, a key handle and a bolt)

Biasiotti, Adalberto, Chiave Serrature e Luchetti Pompeiani, distributed on CD, 1998

Birley, Andrew Vindolanda, Research Reports, New Series, Volume IV, The Small Finds, Fascicule II. Security: The Keys and Locks, 1997)

Bishop, M.C. Finds from Roman Aldborough. Oxbow Monograph #65, 1996 (seal boxes, bolts, keys)

Boetzkes, Manfred, Sammlung Pankofer, Schlussel und Schloser aus drei Jahrtausenden, 1983, (48 page booklet showing an exhibit of the Pankofer collection, 1983, 1.5 pages of text on Roman locks)

Boetzkes, Manfred,  et al., Handwerk zur Industrie, Neuerwerbungen Seit 1981, (39 page pamphlet, exhibition catalog of the Deutschen Schloss-und Beschlagemuseums. Velbert)

Borali, Roberto, Le Antiche Chiavi, Tecnica. Arte, Simbologia, Burgo Editore -Bergamo, 1993 (4 pages of text and illustrations of Roman keys)

Brunner, Der Schlussel im Wandel der Zeit (Reconstruction of a Roman bolt-lock from Augst, with the corresponding lift-and-slide key)

Bury, S., Rings, 1985

Collingwood, R. and J. Myres, Roman Britain and the English Settlements, New York 1990, p. 233

Connolly, Peter, Pompeii, (1979)

Cook, Edward T., A Popular Handbook to the Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum, London 1903

Cuming, H.S., The History of Keys, Journal of the British Archeological Association, vol. 12, pp. 117-129, June 1856

Cunliffe, Barry, Fishbourne, a Roman Palace and Its Garden, Johns Hopkins Press, 1971 (mention of keys & seal boxes)

Curle, James, A Roman Frontier Post and its People, The Fort of Newstead in the Parish of Melrose, Glasgow, 1911 (online ref. http://www.curlesnewstead.org.uk/index.htm) (casket fittings, keys, tablets, styli, lock parts, seal boxes, seals)

Declerc, Raf, Lem, Jacques and Vanloocke, Danny, Open of Dicht, Geschiedenis van Sleutel en Slot, Litto Security Locks, 1998 (many Roman keys and several locks)

Declerc, Raf, Keys and Locks in the Collection of Raf Declerc, 2004 (Many Roman, Byzantine and Medieval Locks & Keys, text in Dutch, French and English)

Dennis, Geoirge, The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, Chapter LVI: Cortona, London 1848 (Mention of a lock found in an Etruscan tomb)

Eras, V.J.M. Locks and Keys Throughout the Ages, 1957 (A Brief treatment of Roman keys)

Ewald, Jurg et al, ed. Jahresberichte aus Augst und Kaiseraugst, 11, 1990 (description of 12 Roman iron barrel locks found at Augst, and a reconstruction)

Fugate, Gary D., I n Search of an Era, Society for Ancient Numismatics, Vol. XI, No. 2 (Summer 1980)

Galvaris, George, Bread and the Liturgy, 1970 (History of the bread stamp)

Gasper, Dorottya, Romische Kastchen aus Pannonien. Antaeus. Mitteilungen des Archaologischen Instituts der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 15, Budapest: Archaologisches Instutut der UAW. people.bu.edu/mcg/Bibliography.html <(Roman chests)

Gibbons, Gail Locks & Keys 1980

Gilman, Daniel C., et al., The New International Encyclopedia, New York, 1906

Gorny, R. and Steadman, S., Cadir Hoyuk Excavations (http://pubpages.unh.edu) (byzantine surface lock)

Green, Miranda, Aspects of Roman Life: Roman Technology and Crafts., Longman Group Ltd., 1979 (includes brief section on mining and metalworking)

Guide to the Exhibition Illustrating Greek and Roman Life, British Museum, Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 1908 (http://books.google.com)

Guiraud, Helene, Bagues et Anneaux a l'epoque Romaine en Gaul, Gallia 46, 1989 Google Books, section on type 5, ring keys)

Hayes, John W. Greek, Roman and Related Metalware in the Royal Ontario Museum, 1984 (Chest hasps)

Haywood, H. L., Freemasonry and the Roman Collegium, in The Builder, 1923 (http://freemasons-freemasonry.com/collegia.html)

Higgin, Edward., Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, session 2, no. 4, February 7, 1850, p. 57. Sketch of the History of the Ancient Modes of Fastening Doors. (This is the Google online version)

Hopkins, Albert A., The Lure of the Lock, the John M. Mossman Collection, NY, 1928. ix, 246pp, 190 illus. 21 1/2 cm. Reprint 1954. (Brief treatment of ancient locks & keys)

Hoepfner, Wolfram, Ein Kombinationsschloss aus dem Kerameikos, Archaologischer Anzeiger, Band 85, No. 2: 210-213, 1970 (Detailed description of a Roman chest combination lock found in a grave in Athens. [in German])

Holmes, Simon, Seal Boxes from Roman London, (Very useful study, including dating, online at http://www.ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue)

Ivanisevic, Vujadin and Spehar, Perica, Early Byzantine Finds from Cecan and Gornjistreoc (Kosovo), Early Byzantine Stratum http://www.doiserbia.nbs.bg.ac.yul (Simple iron door keys, lock plate fragments and a chain)

Jacobi, Louis, Das Romerkastell Saalburg Bei Homburg Vor Der Hohe, 1897 (many examples of Roman door and chest locks, bolts, keys, fittings)

James, Peter and Thorpe, Nick, Ancient Inventions, Balantine, 1994 (Google Books)

Johns, Catherine, The Jewellery of Roman Britain, (Google Books. p.63 discussion of marriage rings)

Johnston, Harold, The Private Lives of the Romans, Scott, Foresman & Co. (1932) (Sect. 418 on small tradesmen at Pompeii)

Jones, William, Finger-Ring Lore, Historical, Legendary, Anecdotal, London 1877

Judge, Joseph, ed., A Buried Roman Town Gives up its Dead, National Geographic, vol. 162, no.6, Dec/ 1982

Kenner, Friedrich (see Romischer Alltag in Bayern p.155)

Kunz, G.F., Rings for the Finger, Dover Publications, 1973, Republication of 1917 book.

Lise, Giorgio, Chiavi E Serrature (Locks and Keys), BE-MA Editrice, Milano, 1987.

Long, G., The Roman Collegium, in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, William Smith, 1875 (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/RomanTexts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Collegium.html)

Malloy, Alex G., Artifacts of Ancient Civilizations, 1st ed., 1997

Malone, Sara M., Lost-wax Casting in the Classical World (Archaeological evidence, including the Berlin Foundry Cup from the 6th century BCE, depicting Greek foundry scenes)

Mandel, Gabriele, Clefs, 2001 (Roman & Byzantine locks & keys)

Manning, W.H. An Iron Lever Lock from Caerleon, Monmouthshire, The Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, v. 22, Part 4, May 1968 (Description and deduction of the mechanism of a Roman barrel/chain lock)

Manning, W.H. Catalogue of the Romano-British Iron Tools, Fittings and Weapons in the British Museum, London 1985 (Locks & Keys and their classification)

Manning, W.H. Catalogue of the Romano-British Ironwork in the Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1976 (5 iron Keys)

Marshall, F.H., Catalogue of the Finger Rings, Greek, Etruscan and Roman, of the Department of Antiquities, British Museum London, 1907 (Google Books) ( Reference for Etruscan Ring Key)

McWhirr, Alan, Roman Crafts and Industries, Shire Publications, 1982 (Padlock diagram and page of iron keys)

Middleton, J. Henry, The Remains of Ancient Rome, 1892

Mills, Nigel Roman Artifacts Found in Britain Greenlight Publishing, 1995 (3 pages devoted to Roman keys)

Mills, Nigel, Celtic and Roman Artifacts, Greenlight Publishing, 2000 (mostly duplication of material from Roman Artifacts)

Monk, Eric, Keys, Their History and Collection, Second edition, 1999 (very brief treatment of Roman keys)

Murawski, Paul G. Benet's Artefacts of England & the United Kingdom, 2000 (Seal boxes and ring keys)

Needham, Joseph, et al., Science and Civilization in China: Physics and Physical Science, p. 243, 1965

Notling, Ernst, Studies Concerning Old Roman Door and Trunk Locks, J. Schneider, Mannheim 1870 (Have not been able to obtain a copy of this)

Oikonomides, Nicolas, Dated Byzantine Lead Seals, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 1986 (Detailed analysis of changes in content and style vs date of production)

Pall, Martina, Das Europaische Vorhangschloss, 2009 (Some 25 pages of Roman and Byzantine locks)

Pankofer, Heinrich, Sammlung Pankofer , 1983 (Some Roman and Byzantine padlocks)

Pitt-Rivers, Primitive Locks and Keys, 1883 (very useful, great amount of material on Roman locks and keys)

Price, George, Treatise on Fire and Thief-Proof Depositories and Locks and Keys, London, 1856 (Illustrations of Roman keys)

Quennell, Marjorie and C.H.B., Everyday Life in Roman and Anglo-Saxon times, 1959 (1.5 pages of text and drawings of Roman door and chest locks)

Read, Brian, Metal Artefacts of Antiquity, Portcullis Publishing, 2001 (keys & seal boxes)

Rehren, Thilo, Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior, J. Archeological Science, vol. 26, issue 6, August 1999

Riech, F., and Schalles, H.J., Arbeit, Handwerk und Berufe in der Romischen Stadt, Rheinland-Verlag, 1994 (Images of Roman lock parts)

Riha, Emilie, Kastchen, Truhen, Tischen - Mobelteilen aus Augusta Raurica, vorschungen 31 (A great amount of material on the chest locks found at Augusta Raurica, and many reconstructions of Roman chests with locks. Perhaps the definitive work on this subject)

Romischer Alltag in Bayern, 125 Jahre Bayerische Handelsbank in Munchen, 1869-1994, Festschrift, Geschichten aus der Bayerischen Handelsbank, Munchen 1994

Russo, F, C. Rossi, and F. Rosso, Ancient Engineers' Inventions: Precursors of the Present, History of Mechanism and Machine Science 8 Springer (Reconstructions of pin tumbler chest lock and spring mechanism padlock)

Schmoeckel, Ingo, Vorhangeschlosser, Sammlung Ingo Schmoeckel. 2000

Singer, et al., A History of Technology, vol.2, The Mediterranean Civilizations and the Middle Ages, c. 700 B.C to A.D. 1500, Clarendon Press, 1956

Smith, Charles Roach, Illustrations from Roman London, 1859 (Plate 37, Roman keys)

Smith, William, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875 (Page 978: definition and image of a pyxis)

Soren, David and James, Jamie, Kourion, the Search for a Lost Roman City, Anchor Press, 1988 (Excavation of a City destroyed by earthquake in 365 CE. Dating a Roman ring key)

Strong, Donald. and Brown, David, Roman Crafts., 1976 (Extensive discussion of Roman bronze casting)

Tanavoli, Parviz & Wertime, John T. , Locks from Iran, Washington, 1976

Thompson, Hugh, Iron Age and Roman Slave-Shackles, Archeol. J., 150 (1993), 57-168

Towne, Henry R., Locks and Builders Hardware (Historical section, discusses Roman locks and keys)

Vaudour, Catherine, Catalogue du Musee le Sec des Tournelles, Fascicule II, Clefs et Serrures (Roman keys)

Vikan, Gary and Nesbitt, John, Security in Byantium, Dumbarton Oaks, Byzantine Collection. Publications, 1980 (Keys, padlocks, chest locks)

The Roman Era in Britain, Methuen & Co., London, 1911< (Discussion and illustration of many artifacts, including locks, keys, trinket boxes. See also web site listed below: penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer etc.)

Westropp, Hodder M., Handbook of Egyptian, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Archaeology, 2003.

Wilson, Nigel Guy, ed. Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge,2006. (Mention of Byzantine seals)

Wright, Thomas, Uriconium, a Historical Account of the Ancient Roman City, Longmans, Greek & Co., 1872 (Google Books) (Shows four different types of keys found)

Zara, Louis, Locks and Keys, Walker & Co, New York, 1969 (Good discussion of Roman keys)

Online References

http://www.artmolds.com (Source of verdigris paint kits)

http://www.classicsunveiled.com (Roman Houses, arca, outer doors with bolts & bars, student summary of topics from Roman Life, Mary Johnston, Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL., 1957)

http://www.collector-antiquities.com (Lots of images of fake bronze items)

http://www.culture.gouv.fr/public/mistral/joconde_fr (Several nice, very complex Roman keys)

http://www.curlesnewstead.org.uk/index.htm (Entitled A Roman Frontier Post and its People, by James Curle, 1911. Plate 78 shows keys and lock parts found)

http://www.curlesnewstead.org.uk/pdfs/curlechapter15.pdf

http://www.forumromanum.org/life/johnston_6.html (Johnston's Private Life of the Romans, chapter 6., The House and Furniture)

http://www.getty.edu/museum/ (Gallo Roman bronze arca or offering box, complete with ring key)

http://www.historicallocks.com (Line drawings and text descriptions of several types of Roman padlocks from Saalburg, presented by Assa-Abloy)

http://www.intarch.ac.uk (Small finds database, Internet Archaeology 9, Hunter-Mann Finds catalogue. p.19, locks & keys, Iron Age and Roman Copper Alloys from Northern Britain)

http://metmuseum.org (Box with sleeping Eros)

http://www.mnir.ro/bronzuri/resumate/ilies.html (Bronze closing mechanisms in Roman Dacia)

http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/caerbas.html

http://www.natmus.dk/cons/x/metal/ml.htm (conservation of iron objects)

http://www.paul-barford.blogspot.com (Why finds skew the Roman lock records)

http://www.russia-ic.com/business_law/trade_and_crafts/ (2 unusual Rus padlocks)

http://www.russianbrideguide.com/about_russia/history/ancient.shtml (lock found in a barrow, made in the shape of a butterfly, perhaps from Iran)

http://www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk/sebc/play/replicas/cfm

http://tfahr.org/key The votive key or Byzalora, by P.H. Resco (Discussion of votive keys in antiquity)

http://www.therthdimension.org/AncientRome/Roman_Shops/body_roman_shops.htm (Good discussion of Roman shops)

http://www.unesco.org (Much about seals)

http://www.vindolanda.com/html/latestnews1.html (2003 excavations, including writing tablets and an enamelled seal box with contents)

http://www.vroma.org/images/mcmanus_images_/index6.html (Images of capsa, scrinium, strongbox)

http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/house_sources.html  (Roman chests found at Pompeii)

http://en.wikipedia.org (Late Roman ivory casket)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlock (Reference to the development of the screw key lock)

http://Roman-artifacts.com